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作者	单位
田海梅,王月梅,王西娜，韦广源,谭军利,王朝辉	（1.宁夏大学农学院，宁夏银川，750021；2.宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院，宁夏银川，750021；3.西北农林科技大学资源与环境学院，陕西杨凌，712100）

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中文摘要:

为探明在引黄灌区春小麦生产中减施化肥对土壤供氮与春小麦吸氮的影响，通过田间小区试验，分析不同氮、磷、钾用量对耕层土壤矿质态氮累积与春小麦氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明：(1)施氮量120～180 kg·hm^-2时，土壤矿质态氮累积量和植株氮素累积量最高为102.58 kg·hm^-2和294.92 kg·hm^-2，与常规施氮量(240 kg·hm^-2)相比，氮素利用率、氮肥贡献率及氮肥农学效率均显著提高，增幅分别为138.97%、29.23%、136.35%，氮肥偏生产力和依存率降低至41.2 kg·kg^-1和68.35%；籽粒产量增加3.54%～15.66%。可见，适量减氮有利于耕层土壤氮素矿化，促进氮向籽粒转移，提高氮肥利用率和籽粒产量。(2)从常规施磷量(120 kg·hm^-2)减施至48～96 kg·hm^-2时，土壤矿质态氮累积量和植株氮累积量均升高，最高为98.61 kg·hm^-2和242.79 kg·hm^-2，比常规施磷平均高26.69%和9.91%；施磷量为48 kg·hm^-2时，氮肥利用率和贡献率较不施磷提高295.24%和29.91%，氮依存率降低至68.56%，而与常规施磷相比籽粒产量并未降低，说明适当施磷可提高耕层土壤矿质态氮和小麦植株氮累积量，从而提高氮肥利用效率和籽粒含量。(3)施钾量30～60 kg·hm^-2时，较不施钾的土壤矿质态氮累积量提高8.48%和12.87%，拔节期提高显著，对氮肥利用效率和籽粒产量无显著影响，说明适量钾肥促进土壤氮素矿化和拔节期植株氮素累积。宁夏引黄灌区，施氮、磷和钾量对土壤矿质态氮和春小麦植株氮积累量有显著影响，施氮120～180 kg·hm^-2、施磷48～96 kg·hm^-2、施钾30～60 kg·hm^-2利于耕层土壤矿质态氮和春小麦植株氮积累，从而提高氮肥利用率。

英文摘要:

To investigate the effect of fertilizer reduction on soil nitrogen supply and nitrogen（N） uptake of spring wheat, a field plot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of different N, phosphorous(P) and potassium(K) reduction on the accumulation of mineral N in the cultivated soil and N uptake of spring wheat. Results showed that:compared with conventional N application(240 kg·hm^-2/i>),mineral N accumulation in cultivated soil and N accumulation in plant were higher when N was applied at 120-180 kg·hm^-2, which also lead to a significant increase by 138.97%, 29.23% and 136.35% in N utilization efficiency, N fertilizer contribution rate and N fertilizer agronomic efficiency, respectively.Whereas the N fertilizer partial productivity and dependence rate decreased to 41.2 kg·kg^-1 and 68.35%, and ultimately the grain yield was increased by 3.54% to 15.66%. It was indicated that moderate N reduction was beneficial to soil N mineralization in the cultivated layer, and thus promoted N transfer to the seeds and improved N fertilizer utilization and wheat yield. The accumulation of mineral N in upper layer soil and N amount in plant reached the highest when P was reduced to 48-96 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 compared with the conventional application of P (120 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2), which was 98.61 kg·hm^-2and 242.79 kg·hm^-2, respectively, averaging 26.69% and 9.91% higher than conventional P application. At 48 kg·hm^-2 P application rate, N dependence rate reduced to 68.56%, while grain yield was increased by 4.97% compared with conventional P application. It was indicated that the appropriate amount of P application was conducive to the accumulation of mineral N in the soil of the cultivated layer and the increase of N uptake by wheat, and thus improved N fertilizer utilization efficiency, and maintained higher grain yield. The accumulation of soil mineral N was increased by 8.48% and 12.87% with 30-60 kg·hm^-2 of K application compared with that with no K application, and the N uptake by the plants at the nodulation stage was significantly increased, while the N fertilizer utilization efficiency and grain yield were not significantly affected, indicating that the appropriate amount of K fertilizer promoted soil N mineralization and N uptake by the plants at the jointing stage. In the Irrigation Area of Ningxia, the N supply in soil and the absorption and utilization of N by spring wheat were affected not only by the amount of N applied, but also by the amount of P and K applied. When the application rates of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O were 120-180 kg·hm^-2, 48-96 kg·hm^-2 and 30-60 kg·hm^-2, respectively. It is beneficial to N mineralization in top layer of soil and wheat N uptake,and thus to improve N use efficiency.

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