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作者	单位
曹彩云，党红凯，郑春莲，李佳，刘学彤，李科江，马俊永	（ 1.河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所,河北衡水 053000；2.河北省作物抗旱研究重点实验室,河北衡水 053000；3.农业部衡水潮土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站,河北衡水 053000 4.河北省农林科学院，河北石家庄 050031）

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中文摘要:

为优化冬小麦水肥管理模式，在2013-2016三个小麦生长季，通过裂区试验，以春季5个不同水肥管理模式作为主区［M₀：不灌溉+趁墒追肥模式；M₁：拔节水+拔节肥模式；M₂：拔节和扬花或灌浆初灌溉2水+拔节肥模式；M₃：返青-拔节水（+追肥）+孕穗或扬花水+灌浆水的3水模式；M₄：起身水（+1/2追肥）+拔节水（+1/2追肥）+扬花或灌浆初浇水+灌浆水的4水模式］，以2个当地主推冬小麦品种作为裂区（衡观35和衡4399），比较分析了不同水肥管理模式下小麦不同生育阶段生物量、氮素吸收量、氮素利用效率、花后氮素转运效率、氮素贡献率及产量的差异。结果表明，冬小麦干物质积累量在起身到拔节期平均以M₀模式最高，从扬花期开始平均以M₀模式最低，成熟期M₁、M₂、M₃和M₄模式分别较M₀模式高 15.9%、27.6%、40.0%和39.5%。随春季灌溉量和灌溉次数的增加，籽粒产量和氮素吸收量呈现增加趋势，与M₀模式相比，M₁、M₂、M₃和M₄模式的产量分别提高28.5%、36.7%、44.7%和45.7%，氮素吸收量分别提高 21.2%、36.3%、48.2%和48.1%，氮素利用效率以M₂模式最高。M₁、M₂、M₃和M₄模式的营养器官氮素花后向籽粒的转运总量较M₀模式分别高26.7%、15.2%、30.1%和20.2%，但氮素转运效率及对籽粒氮素的贡献率均随灌溉次数和灌水量的增加呈现降低的趋势。衡4399三年较衡观35平均增产3.4%，差异显著；两个品种间干物质积累量、氮素积累量及氮素的吸收和利用效率差异均不显著；衡4399的氮素转运效率和贡献率分别较衡观35高5.1和12.2个百分点。在水肥利用效率较高的M₂模式下，衡4399的水分利用效率和氮素利用效率较衡观35分别提高1.1%和5.6%。因此，在缺水的华北低平原区采用M₂模式，选用产量潜力大、水氮利用效率高、花后营养器官氮素转运效率高的衡4399，对保证小麦产量和区域农业的可持续发展意义重大。

英文摘要:

In order to explore the reasonable irrigation and fertilization pattern in low plain area and improve yield and the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer, this study was conducted in 2013-2016 wheat growing seasons. A split plot was used with five different management modes as the main treatments(represented by M₀: no irrigation in spring with topdressing N-fertilizer at jointing stage; M₁: irrigation and topdressing N-fertilizer at jointing stage; M₂: irrigation twice at jointing stage and flowering stage or early filling stage with topdressing at jointing stage; M₃: irrigation three times at reviving-jointing stage,booting stage or flowering stage and filling stage with topdressing at jointing stage; M₄: irrigation four times at erecting stage, jointing stage, flowering stage or early filling stage, and filling stage with topdressing half N-fertilizer at erecting stage and half at jointing stage, respectively), and two winter wheat cultivars(Hengguan 35 and Heng 4399) as the sub-plot. The yield, water use efficiency(WUE), dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake efficiency(NUPE), nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUTE), nitrogen stage uptake, nitrogen translocation efficiency and contribution proportion of nitrogen from vegetative organs to grain after anthesis were analyzed. The dry matter accumulation of M₀ was the highest from erecting to jointing stage, but was the lowest from flowering to maturity, and that of M₁, M₂, M₃, and M₄ at maturity stage was 15.9%, 27.6%, 40.0% and 39.5% higher than that of M₀, respectively. With the increase of irrigation quantity and irrigation times in spring, grain yield and nitrogen uptake rate showed an increasing trend. Compared with M₀, the yield and nitrogen absorption of M₁, M₂, M₃ and M₄ increased by 28.5%, 36.7%, 44.7%, and 45.7%, and 21.2%, 36.3%, 48.2%, and 48.1%, respectively; among which NUTE of M₂ was the highest. The average total amount of nitrogen transferred from vegetative organs to grains under different irrigation modes was 26.7%, 15.2%, 30.1%, and 20.2% higher than that of M₀, but the transfer efficiency and contribution rate decreased with the increase of irrigation times and irrigation amount. In terms of cultivars, the 3-year average yield of Heng 4399 was 3.4% higher than that of Hengguan 35; and the yield difference reached significant level, but the dry matter accumulation, the N accumulation, the N absorption and utilization efficiency of the two cultivars did not show significant difference; NUPE and the transfer efficiency and contribution rate of nitrogen in vegetative organs after anthesis of Heng 4399 were 5.1 and 12.2 percentage points higher than those of Hengguan 35. Under the M₂ mode with higher in WUE and NUPE, the yield, WUE and NUPE of Heng 4399 were 1.1% and 5.6% higher than those of Hengguan 35. Therefore, Heng 4399 is suggested to be selected as a cultivar with high yield potential, high NUPE and high transfer efficiency of vegetative, under M₂ mode in the low plain area with water shortage, which can not only improve water and nitrogen use efficiency, but also ensure the yield of wheat. It is of great significance to the sustainable development of agriculture.

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