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为了解近年来河南省小麦审定品种育种特点及表型性状演变情况，分析了2001-2020年河南省审定的555个小麦品种的育种特点，统计了其中425个水地组品种的12个农艺和品质性状，并对其演变情况和相关性进行分析。结果发现：（1）品种审定数量加速上升，企业已成为小麦育种的主导力量；2001-2005审定品种60个，2006-2010年审定76个，2011-2015年审定95个，2016-2020年审定324个。品种选育仍以品种间杂交为主，占比90.99%；种质资源利用集中、品种同质化严重。亲本资源集中在周麦16（87次）、矮抗58（76次）、周麦22（59次）、豫麦21（35次）等种质上。企业选育品种数由2001-2015年间的86个上升至2016-2020年间的202个，占同期科研机构育成品种数比例由54.7%上升至185%。（2）品种单产增长，穗粒数增加，千粒重提高，生育期延长。半冬性、弱春性小麦品种的均产分别为7 932.4 kg·hm^-2、7 488.6  kg·hm^-2。半冬性品种单产增加了610 kg·hm^-2，穗粒数增加3粒，千粒重提高4.7 g，生育期延长3.3 d；弱春性品种单产增加672.8 kg·hm^-2，穗粒数增加3.4粒，千粒重提高1.7 g，生育期延长5 d。（3）品质改良取得进展，半冬性、弱春性品种的稳定时间分别上升了2.6 min、0.7 min。审定品种以中筋为主，中强筋（含强筋）较少，弱筋最少；单一指标达标品种多，综合指标达标品种少，品质结构不平衡。（4）河南省小麦育种宜选择高生物产量（株高80~85 cm）、适宜群体（550~660万穗·hm^-2）、高结实率（穗粒数35~40粒）、高千粒重  （≥45 g）的中大穗品种，需重点改良蛋白质质量，促进各品质性状的协调发展。

英文摘要:

In order to understand the breeding characteristics and phenotypic traits evolution of wheat varieties approved in Henan Province in recent years,the breeding characteristics of 555 wheat varieties approved in Henan Province from 2001 to 2020 were analyzed,and 12 agronomic and quality traits of 425 varieties in irrigated group were determined,and their evolution and correlation were analyzed. The results showed that:the number of varieties approved increased rapidly,and enterprises had become the leading force in wheat breeding.Sixty varieties were approved in 2001-2005,76 in 2006-2010,95 in 2011-2015 and 324 in 2016-2020. Cross breeding was still the main way in wheat breeding,accounting for 90.99%.The utilization of germplasm resources is concentrated and the homogeneity of varieties is serious. Parental resources were concentrated on Zhoumai 16(87 times),Aikang 58(76 times),Zhoumai 22(59 times),Yumai 21(35 times). The number of varieties selected by enterprises increased from 86 in 2001-2015 to 202 in 2016-2020,accounting for 54.7% to 185% of the number of varieties bred by scientific research institutions in the same period.It was increased for the yield per unit area,grain number per spike,grain weight and growth period. The average yield of semi-winter and weak spring wheat varieties was 7 932.4 kg·hm^-2 and 7 488.6 kg·hm^-2,respectively. For semi-winter varieties and weak spring varieties,the yield was increased by 610 and 672.8 kg·hm^-2; the number of grains per spike was increased by 3 and 3.4; the thousand grain weight was increased by 4.7 and 1.7 g,and the growth period prolonged by 3.3 and 5 days,respectively. The stability time of semi-winter and weak spring varieties was increased by 2.6 and 0.7 min,respectively. The majority of wheat varieties were medium-gluten,and only a few were middle-strong gluten(including strong gluten),and even less for the weak-gluten varieties. Many varieties meet the quality standard in a single trait,but only a few varieties reached the quality standard for all traits,indicating unbalanced quality structure for most of the varieties. The middle-large ear varieties with high biological yield(plant height 80-85 cm),suitable population(550×10-660×10 spikes·hm^-2),high seed setting rate  (35-40 kernels per spike) and high thousand grain weight(≥45 g ) are suggested to be selected for wheat breeding in Henan Province.Meanwhile,the protein quality should be improved in coordinating with various quality traits.

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