| 张礼军，鲁清林，张文涛，白玉龙，周 刚，汪恒兴，杨长刚.耕作方式和施氮量对旱地冬小麦开花后干物质转运特征、糖含量及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2018,(12):1453 |
| 耕作方式和施氮量对旱地冬小麦开花后干物质转运特征、糖含量及产量的影响 |
| Effects of Tillage Regime and Nitrogen Application Rate on Post-Anthesis Dry Matter Remobilization,SugarContent and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in Dryland |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2018.12.09 |
| 中文关键词: 耕作方式 施氮量 冬小麦 干物质转运 开花后糖代谢 产量 |
| 英文关键词:Tillage methods Nitrogen application rate Winter wheat Dry matter remobilization Post-anthesis sugar metabolism Yield |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31360313,31760352)；国家产业技术体系项目(CARS-03)；甘肃省农业科学院创新专项(2015GAAS11)；甘肃省陇原人才团队项目；甘肃省小麦产业技术体系项目（GARS-01-06）；甘肃省重大专项（17ZD2NA016） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为探讨耕作方式和氮肥对旱地小麦的互作效应，在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区大田试验条件下，采用双因素裂区设计，以常规耕作（CT）、秸秆还田（CTI）、全膜覆土穴播（PM）、免耕秸秆覆盖（NTS）4种耕作方式为主区，75、150、225、300 kg·hm-24个施氮量（分别用N1~N4表示）为副区，分析了不同耕作方式及施氮量组合处理下旱地冬小麦花后干物质转运、糖含量及产量的差异。结果表明，4种耕作方式中，PM的株高最高，叶面积最大，籽粒产量最高，较CT增产14.50%。PM增产主要是通过增加穗长和穗粒数来实现，也归因于花前营养器官干物质的积累量及其在花后向籽粒中转运量、转运效率和对籽粒产量的贡献率较CT显著增加，特别是增加了叶片和颖壳的干物质转运量、转运效率。CTI的千粒重和有效穗数虽然最高，但产量与CT无显著差异；NTS的株高、千粒重、有效穗数、干物质积累量和花后向籽粒中转运量均处于较低水平，产量较CT降低16.74%。施氮显著增加了旱地冬小麦的籽粒产量，平均产量表现为N4＞N2＞N3＞N1。CT、CTI、NTS下，施氮的增产作用显著，但PM下不显著。在所有处理中，PMN2的籽粒产量最高，比最低的NTSN1增加70.55%。施氮增产的原因主要是促进了不同器官干物质积累和开花后干物质转运。NTS提高了各器官的可溶性糖含量，但其效应在不同生育时期存在差异，茎秆主要表现在开花后20～30 d，叶片和颖壳在开花后10～40 d，叶鞘在开花后20～40 d，籽粒在开花后10～30 d。施氮显著降低了开花后0～30 d茎秆和叶片的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量，但显著增加了开花后20 d籽粒的可溶性糖含量。以上结果说明，在甘肃旱地雨养农业区，常规耕作、秸秆还田、全膜覆土穴播下冬小麦高产的氮肥施用量以中等水平（150 kg·hm-2）最佳，免耕秸秆覆盖下需增加氮肥施用量（300 kg·hm-2）。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| In order to explore the interaction effect of tillage and nitrogen fertilizer on dry land wheat,a two-factor split plot design was adopted in Gansu semi-arid rain-fed agricultural region. Four tillage modes,including conventional tillage(CT),straw returning(CTI),full-film mulching with soil(PM) and no-tillage straw mulching(NTS),were used as the main tillage modes,with nitrogen application amount of 75,150,225 and 300 kg·hm-2(designated as N1-N4) as the sub-tillage modes. The differences of dry matter transport,sugar content and yield of winter wheat after anthesis under different tillage methods and nitrogen application combinations were analyzed. The results showed that PM had the highest plant height,the largest leaf area and the highest grain yield,which was 14.50% higher than the yield under CT. PM increased grain yield mainly by increasing panicle length and number of grains per panicle. It was also attributed to the accumulation of dry matter in vegetative organs before flowering and the significant increase of dry matter transport,transport efficiency and its contribution to grain yield after flowering compared with CT,especially to the increase of dry matter transport capacity and transport efficiency in leaves and glumes. Although CTI had the highest 1 000-grain weight and effective panicle number,there was no significant difference between NTS and CT. NTS had lower plant height,1 000-grain weight,effective panicle number,dry matter accumulation and translocation to grain after anthesis,and yield of NTS was 16.74% lower than that of CT. Nitrogen application significantly increased the grain yield of winter wheat in dry land,and the average yield ranked as N4>N2>N3>N1. Under the conditions of CT,CTI and NTS,the effect of nitrogen application on yield was significant,but was not significant under PM. Under all treatments,PMN2 had the highest grain yield,which was 70.55% higher than that of the lowest NTSN1.The main reason for increasing yield by nitrogen application was the accumulation of dry matter and the dry matter transport after flowering. NTS increased the content of soluble sugar in different organs,but its effect was different at different growth stages:20-30 days after anthesis(DAA) for stems,10-40 DAA for leaf and glume,20-40 DAA for leaf sheath,and 10-30 DAA for grains. Nitrogen application significantly reduced the soluble sugar and sucrose content in stems and leaves during 0-30 DAA,but significantly increased the soluble sugar content in grains at 20 DAA. The above results showed that the nitrogen application rate of high yield winter wheat under conventional tillage,straw returning and hollow sowing with plastic film mulching was the best at medium level(150 kg·hm-2) in rain-fed agricultural area of Gansu dry land,and the nitrogen application rate should be increased(300 kg·hm-2) under no-tillage straw mulching. |
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