In order to screen the high nitrogen(N) efficiency and high-yielding wheat cultivars, and provide wheat varieties with different N efficiency for nitrogen management advice, 38 wheat varieties, mainly cultivated in Henan province, were divided into four types(high yield and high N efficiency(HYHN), high yield and low N efficiency(HYLN), low yield and high N efficiency(LYHN), and low yield and low N efficiency(LYLN)) on the basis of the grain yield and nitrogen harvest index. We analyzed and compared the yield components, the dry matter and nitrogen absorption and transport characteristics of different types of wheat. Results showed that at the high-yielding level, panicle number per unit area of high N efficiency wheat was increased by 8.6%, compared with that of the low N efficiency wheat cultivars; at the low-yielding level, compared with low N efficiency wheat, the panicle number per unit area of high N efficiency wheat was just increased by 4.2%. At pre-anthesis stage, the dry matter accumulation rate of the high-yielding wheat was increased by 24.8% , compared with that of low-yielding wheat among the low N efficiency wheat varieties, and its accumulation rate and translocation efficiency of dry matter after flowering were 2.1 times and 1.6 times higher than that of low-yielding and low N efficiency, respectively. At high-yielding level, in comparison with the low N efficiency wheat, the dry matter translocation amount of high N efficiency wheat was increased by 16.2%. However, no significant difference of dry matter transfer efficiency was observed. At low-yielding level, the N translocation efficiency of the high N efficiency wheat was 1.1 times higher than that of the low N efficiency cultivar. The N accumulation of high-yielding group was significantly higher than that of the low-yielding wheat, and the highest rate of N accumulation was occurred. During grain filling period, at the same yielding level, in comparison with HYLE, N accumulation rate of HYHE was enhanced by 28.8%; LYHE was 66.0% higher than that of LYLE. Furthermore, N accumulation rate was significantly positively related to N harvest index at grain filling stage. High wheat yield was dependent on the higher dry matter translocation amount and N accumulation rate before flowering. Besides, the dry matter translocation amount and N accumulation rate of the high N efficiency wheat were significantly higher than that of the low N efficiency cultivar. |