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作者	单位
吕添，王红光，李东晓，李浩然，李瑞奇，李雁鸣	（河北农业大学农学院/河北省作物生长调控重点实验室，河北保定 071000）

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中文摘要:

为明确兼顾冬小麦高产和抗倒伏的春季最佳追氮时期，设置品种、追氮期二因素裂区试验，其中，2015-2016年以山农16（SN16）和石新828（SX828）2个品种为主区，2016-2017年以藁优2018（GY2018）、科农2009（KN2009）和石4366（SH4366）3个品种为主区，两年均以春3、4、5、6叶伸出时分别追施总施N量240 kg·hm^-2中的50%氮肥（分别用N3～N6表示）为副区。在关键生育时期调查群体总茎数，成熟期调查茎秆抗倒伏相关性状及产量构成因素。结果表明，拔节至孕穗期一般以N3或N4处理总茎数最多，开花至成熟期一般以N4处理的穗数最多，N5处理的成穗率最高；孕穗期至开花后24 d，N4处理的叶面积指数（LAI）最大，N6处理的最小；大部分品种以N4处理的株高最高，不同叶龄期追氮处理的重心高度则因品种而异；N4处理小麦基部第2节间最长，节间充实度和机械强度最小，N3和N4处理的抗倒指数最低。抗倒指数和机械强度与株高、重心高度、节间长度均呈极显著负相关，与节间直径、茎壁厚度和充实度均呈极显著正相关。不同叶龄期追氮对每公顷穗数和穗粒数的影响较小，大部分小麦品种以N4处理的穗数最多，且施氮处理间的差异一般不显著。石新828和藁优2018各施氮处理千粒重的差异不显著，另外3个品种N4处理的千粒重高于其他处理。5个品种中除藁优2018以N5处理的籽粒产量最高外，其他品种均以N4处理的籽粒产量最高，且均与N5处理的差异不显著。综合来看，春4叶期追氮产量性状最优而倒伏风险最大；春5叶期追氮的籽粒产量与春4叶期追氮的差异不显著，但其抗倒能力显著提高，可以兼顾高产和抗倒伏，因此，春5叶期为河北平原春季最佳追氮时期。在灌水条件常成为限制因素的该地区小麦生产中，春4叶至春5叶期根据水源情况灌水和随水追施氮肥，都是比较适宜的。

英文摘要:

In order to clarify the optimum nitrogen topdressing stage combining high yield and lodging resistance of winter wheat,a field experiment with split plot design was conducted during 2015-2016 with two cultivars,SN16 and SX828,and 2016-2017 with three cultivars,GY2018,KN2009 and SH4366,to determine the influence of nitrogen topdressing stages(topdressing at spring leaves 3,4,5 and 6 sprouted respectively,designated as N3,N4,N5 and N6) on stem characters,lodging resistance and yield components. The results showed that,the most culms were obtained during the period from jointing to booting under the treatments N3 and N4,and the most spikes were obtained at anthesis and maturity under N4 treatment,and the spiking percentage of tillers under N5 was the highest among all treatments. The leaf area index(LAI) of N4 was the largest,but that of N6 was the smallest from booting stage to 24 days after anthesis. The plant height of N4 was the tallest for most cultivars. But the gravity center height of wheat plant under different nitrogen topdressing treatments showed different trends for each cultivar. The lengths of basal second internodes under N4 were the longest,and the mechanical strength and filling degree(dry weight per centimeter) of N4 were the smallest among all nitrogen topdressing treatments. The lowest lodging resistance index was achieved under N3 or N4. The lodging resistance index and stem mechanical strength showed significantly negative correlation to plant height,gravity center height and internode length and significantly positive correlation to stem wall thickness,diameter and filling degree of wheat. The effect of nitrogen topdressing at the four leaf age stages on the spike number per hectare and grains per spike was generally insignificant. The spike number per hectare under N4 was the largest,and the difference among different nitrogen topdressing treatments was generally insignificant for most cultivars. The difference of 1 000 grain weight among different nitrogen topdressing treatments was not significant for the two cultivars SX828 and GY2018,while the 1 000 grain weight under N4 was higher than that under other nitrogen treatments for the other three cultivars. The grain yield under N4 was the highest among all nitrogen treatments,but had insignificant difference with that under N5 for most cultivars,except that the grain yield of cultivar GY2018 under N5 was the highest. Comprehensively,nitrogen topdressing at spring leaf 4 stage was the most favorable strategy for yield formation,but with the highest lodging risk. Even though the grain yield of wheat with nitrogen topdressing at spring leaf 5 insignificantly differed from that with nitrogen topdressing at spring leaf 4,the lodging resistance of the former was significantly higher,so that the optimum nitrogen topdressing stage combining high yield and lodging resistance of winter wheat was at spring leaf 5 stage for Hebei Plain. While in the production of winter wheat in this area where irrigation conditions are often the limiting factor,it is all suitable to topdress nitrogen at spring leaf 4 to 5 stage accompanying the irrigation,which is determined according to the irrigation conditions.

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