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作者	单位
杨武广，田中伟，殷美，蔡剑，姜东，季陆鹰，戴廷波	(1.南京农业大学农学院/农业部作物生理生态与生产管理重点实验室，江苏南京 210095； 2.扬州市邗江区农作物技术推广中心，江苏扬州 225009)

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中文摘要:

为给小麦高产优质品种的选育及调优栽培提供理论依据，以20世纪50至90年代育成的32个代表性冬小麦品种为材料，研究了小麦籽粒产量与品质的演变规律及其对氮肥响应的变化。结果表明，小麦穗粒数、千粒重和产量均随品种育成年代的推进呈增加趋势；施氮增加了不同年代小麦穗数、穗粒数和产量，但降低了千粒重。其中，20世纪90年代的小麦品种穗粒数对氮肥响应最敏感，千粒重最不敏感，因此该时期小麦的产量在施氮条件下增产显著。籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量均随年代的推进呈降低趋势，但蛋白质积累量呈增加趋势。淀粉含量和沉降值随年代先降后升，而降落值先升后降。除直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量外，氮肥对其他品质指标的影响均达到显著水平。不同年代小麦品种的各品质指标对氮素响应不同，早期品种的籽粒蛋白质含量和淀粉含量对氮肥响应较现代品种敏感。氮肥对20世纪70年代品种的湿面筋含量、80年代品种的沉降值和90年代品种的降落值影响显著。相关性分析表明，产量与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值呈负相关，与淀粉含量呈正相关；蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量、沉降值呈正相关。说明品种改良提高了冬小麦产量，但对小麦不同品质性状有不同的影响，增施氮肥可提高小麦产量和蛋白质含量。在保证小麦高产的前提下，稳定小麦品质是今后品种改良与合理施肥的重要目标。

英文摘要:

The experiment which used 32 wheat cultivars bred or widely planted in China from 1950s to 1990s is to evaluate the evolvement rule of yield and quality of wheat and their responses to nitrogen fertilization. The results showed that the kernels per spike,1 000-kernel weight and grain yield all increased with the advance of time；Compared with the non-nitrogen treatment，nitrogen treatment increased the spikes per km,kernel per spike and yield,while reduced 1 000-kernel weight. Under nitrogen treatment,the yield of 1990s cultivars was increased greater than that of the other years,due to the more kernels per spike and higher 1 000-kernel weight,which not sensitive to nitrogen. Both grain protein content and wet gluten decreased gradually with the advance of time,while protein content increased. The starch content and sedimentation value reduced first and then increased,while falling number first increased and then decreased from 1950s to 1970s. The differences in quality indexes were obviously different under nitrogen treatment except for amylose and amylopectin. The influence of nitrogen treatment on the quality indexes of different cultivars were different,meantime the different quality indexes also had different responses. The protein content and starch content of old cultivars were more sensitive than that of the modern cultivars,and in 1950s cultivars,the increased extent of the four protein components reached the highest. Sedimentation value of 1980s cultivars,falling number of wheat cultivars in 1990s,wet gluten of wheat cultivars in 1970s were more sensitive than that of the other cultivars. The yield had positive correlation with starch content and negative correlation with protein content,wet gluten and sedimentation value. The protein content had positive correlation with wet gluten and sedimentation value through correlation analysis. Those suggested that visible improvement in wheat yield was observed along with variety development,but with different influence on various wheat quality traits. Nitrogen fertilizer could improve the yield and protein content of wheat,therefore,to ensure the high yield of wheat under the premise,how to stabilize the quality of wheat is an important goal for improving wheat varieties and reasonable fertilization in the future.

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