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作者	单位
赵嘉欣，吴子月，李庆成，陈琪文，张晓燕，张海艳，马耕，张艳菲，康娟，王晨阳	（河南农业大学农学院/国家小麦工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450002）

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中文摘要:

为探究不同小麦品种产量和氮素利用效率的差异及其生理基础，于2023—2024年度小麦生长季在河南省新乡市原阳县河南农业大学试验基地，选用40个已审定小麦品种为试材，对氮肥回收利用效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮素生理利用效率和氮肥农学效率共4个关键氮效率指标进行主成分分析和综合得分计算，再结合产量对小麦品种进行产量和氮效率水平筛选，并比较不同产量氮效率类型品种的生理指标差异，以解析产量与氮素利用效率差异形成的生理基础。结果显示，不同小麦品种间的产量和4个氮效率指标均存在不同程度变异，变异系数为11.61%和11.61%~46.73%。通过对氮素利用效率指标进行主成分分析和综合得分计算，结合产量水平将40个小麦品种划分为4种类型，分别是高产高效型（11个）、高产低效型（5个）、低产高效型（10个）和低产低效型（14个）。对干物质积累和转运指标分析发现，高产高效型品种在开花期和成熟期的地上部干物质和氮素积累量显著高于其他类型，且相比高产低效品种具有较高的花前氮素积累量和花前氮素转运量。高产高效型品种开花至灌浆期叶面积指数衰减率较低（高产高效型为18.77%，高产低效型为22.67%），同时高产型品种在灌浆期维持显著较高的SPAD值。在本研究条件下，高产高效型品种能够在开花期保持较高的干物质和氮素积累量，通过优化叶片空间分布、延长功能叶寿命来提高灌浆期干物质的合成，从而获得较高的产量和氮素利用效率。

英文摘要:

To investigate the differences in grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency among different wheat varieties and their physiological mechanisms, this study was conducted at the experimental station of Henan Agricultural University in Yuanyang County, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, during the 2023-2024 wheat growing season. Forty approved wheat varieties were used as experimental materials. Principal component analysis and comprehensive scoring were performed on four key nitrogen efficiency indices: nitrogen recovery efficiency, partial factor productivity of nitrogen, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency. Combined with grain yield, wheat varieties were screened for yield and nitrogen efficiency levels, and physiological indices of different yield nitrogen efficiency types were further compared to reveal the physiological basis underlying the differences in yield and nitrogen use efficiency. The results showed that grain yield and the four nitrogen efficiency indices varied significantly among varieties, with coefficients of variation ranging from 11.61% to 46.73%. Based on principal component analysis, comprehensive scores of nitrogen use efficiency indices, and yield levels, the 40 wheat varieties were classified into four types: high-yield and high-efficiency(11 varieties), high-yield and low-efficiency(5 varieties), low-yield and high-efficiency(10 varieties), and low-yield and low-efficiency(14 varieties). Analysis of dry matter accumulation and translocation revealed that high-yield and high-efficiency varieties had significantly higher aboveground dry matter and nitrogen accumulation at anthesis and maturity than other types. Compared with high-yield and low-efficiency varieties, they also exhibited greater preanthesis nitrogen accumulation and preanthesis nitrogen translocation. In addition, the leaf area index(LAI) attenuation rate from anthesis to grain filling was lower in high-yield and high-efficiency varieties(18.77%) than in high-yield and low-efficiency varieties(22.67%). Meanwhile, high-yield types maintained significantly higher SPAD values during grain filling. Under the experimental cultivation conditions, high-yield and high-efficiency varieties maintained high dry matter and nitrogen accumulation at anthesis. By optimizing leaf spatial distribution and prolonging functional leaf longevity, they sustained dry matter production during grain filling, thereby achieving higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency.

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