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作者	单位
吴丽，孙娟，张慧杰，胡学旭，李为喜，孙丽娟，张妍，杜文明，王步军	(1.中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业农村部谷物产品质量安全风险评估实验室(北京)，北京 100081 2.北京市水产技术推广站/农业农村部渔业产品质量监督检验测试中心（北京），北京 100170)

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中文摘要:

为了解不同杀菌剂及施药次数对小麦赤霉病所造成的真菌毒素防控效果及所用杀菌剂带来的潜在安全问题，对信阳、襄阳两地区小麦主栽品种连续两年分别喷施不同种类、不同次数的杀菌剂，通过LC-MS/MS测定小麦中真菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）及各杀菌剂残留量，分析不同杀菌剂对小麦中DON累积量的影响，并对小麦籽粒中杀菌剂的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明，4种杀菌剂（50%多菌灵WP、25%氰烯菌酯SC、25%咪鲜胺EC、70%甲基托布津WP）均能不同程度降低小麦中DON含量。随着施药次数的增加小麦中DON含量呈下降趋势（除多菌灵外）。喷施50%多菌灵1次小麦籽粒中DON含量明显增加，较对照增加7%（信阳）、18%（襄阳），当喷施次数增加至2、3、4次，籽粒中DON累积量分别降至对照的55%~65%、24%~39%及20%~27%。25%咪鲜胺EC喷施3次后籽粒中DON含量较对照显著降低（P<0.05），继续增加喷施次数，DON含量并未显著降低。25%氰烯菌酯SC对DON防控效果最佳，喷施1、2、3、4次小麦籽粒中DON毒素降至对照的42%~58%、29%~49%、12%~21%及6%~10%。喷施70%甲基托布津WP对籽粒中DON的影响与25%氰烯菌酯SC效果相差不大，喷施4次可使DON降至6%~12%。4种杀菌剂在小麦籽粒中的残留量均随施药次数的增加而增加。其中多菌灵的残留量最大，当施药4次后，信阳、襄阳两地小麦中多菌灵残留量分别为502.54 μg·kg^-1、547.38 μg·kg^-1，均超过国家粮食安全限量水平，而其余三种农药残留量较低，均在安全限量范围内。研究结果还发现，小麦籽粒中的杀菌剂残留量与毒素DON的累积水平呈现一定程度的负相关性，施药次数与其残留量成正相关关系。因而，长江流域及江淮地区等小麦赤霉病易流行地区，建议于小麦扬花期及时喷施2~3次防控效果良好的杀菌剂，既能达到防控真菌毒素污染又可避免杀菌剂残留过高带来的安全隐患，以保证小麦安全生产。

英文摘要:

In order to understand the mycotoxin control effect of different fungicides and application times on wheat scab and the potential risks caused by the fungicides,different types and times of fungicides were sprayed on the main wheat varieties in Xinyang and Xiangyang for two consecutive years. The determination of DON and four pesticide residue levels were performed using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that all kinds of fungicides,namely,50% carbendazim,25% prochloraz,70% thiophanate-methyl and 25% JS399-19 reduced DON levels differently. The content of DON reduced with the spraying times increased except carbendazim. The DON content in wheat grain was significantly increased by 7%(Xinyang) and 18%(Xiangyang) when 50% carbendazim was sprayed once. However,DON levels decreased to 55%-65%,24%-39% and 20%-27%,respectively,of control when the spraying times increased from 2 to 4. After spraying 25% prochloraz three times,the DON content in grain was significantly lower than that in the control(P<0.05). JS399-19 was the best choice for DON prevention among the four fungicides. DON reduced to 42%-58%,29%-49%,12%-21%,and 6%-10%,respectively,after it was sprayed for 1-4 times. Thiophanate-methyl had the similar effect compared with JS399-19,with the DON level decresed to 6%-12% after it was sprayed 4 times. The residues of the four fungicides in wheat grain increased with the increase of application times. The residue content of carbendazim was the largest and reached to 502.54 μg·kg^-1 in Xinyang and 547.38 μg·kg^-1 in Xiangyang,which exceeded National Food Security limit,while the residues of the other three pesticides were lower and were within the safety limits. The results also showed that there was a negative correlation between the amount of fungicide residues in wheat grains and the accumulation level of DON,and there was a positive correlation between the application times and the residues. Therefore,it is suggested to spray 2-3 times of fungicides at [JP2]anthesis of wheat in the Yangtze River Basin and Jianghuai Region,which can not only prevent and control mycotoxin pollution,but also avoid the risks caused by high residue of fungicides,so as to ensure the safety of wheat production.

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